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Bodies of all leeches are divided into the same number of segments, with 34 altogether. They have powerful clinging sucker at each end. The mouth is in the anterior sucker and the anus is on the dorsal surface that is just in front of the rear sucker. The mouth of leech has 3 jaws, so the bite by the leeches will show a Y-shape mark.

When leeches bite and feeding with blood, there is a kind of secretion from the body of leech called hirudin will prevent the blood from clotting. Hirudin is a substance that gives valuable usage in medicine. It breathes through the skin by exchange of oxygen from the dissolved gases in the water. It tends to move to the surface when the oxygen content in the water is low.
The head and body surface of leech has the sensory organ to detect change in light intensity, vibration and temperature. It also has the chemical receptors on the head to detect smell. It could have one or more pairs of eyes.

Even though leeches have both male and female sex organs, they still need to mate for reproduction purpose. This involves intertwining of bodies where each deposits sperm in the others’ clitellar area. The clitellum secretes a tough gelatinous cocoon that contains nutrients, and this is where the eggs are deposited.

Most leeches are sanguivorous, they suck the blood of the host as food. They can ingest the amount of blood that is several times of their body weight. They can feed on the blood of mammals, frogs, fish and other parasitize. When they bite the host, their saliva contains anti-coagulant will keep the blood continue flowing. The wound will continue bleeding for a few hours even after the leeches detached. The best way to take out the leech when it bites us is by applying some salt or vinegar on to it, this will make it detach immediately. Some people use tobacco leaves to achieve the same purpose.
Leech has got a lot of medical usage be it in pharmaceutical or traditional medicine. Since its population is getting lesser due to the use of insecticide and herbicide, some people start to rear leech to supply to the factories. They are so many benefits that we can get from it and more study is needed to find out how it can help us to improve our health.

Several leech breeding methods:
* Mud pool
* Cement pool
* Canvas pool
* Water tank

Tank culture method advantages:
* Low-cost
* Save time
* Easy to find location

Water tank design:
* Water tank ventilation methods (water tank covered with gauze to replace, so air circulation)
* Sponge (to prevent escape climbing leech)
* Clay pot (habitat place)

Hirudo food:
* Eel
* Water Microbiology
* Anguillicaudatus
* Blood-sucking leeches will promote spawning

Mud:
* Keep the water temperature
* Provide a place to lay eggs

Duckweed, water lilies:
* Provide a place to lay eggs
* Leech eggs in the water lily roots

Propagation environment:
* Cool
* Avoid direct sun
* Avoid direct rain hit

Water:
* Water
- Convenience
- To add anti-chlorine liquid
- Water storage would be best to allow the use of 3 days
* Water depth of approximately one foot
* Weak acid (PH 5.5 to 6.5)

Lintah bersalin kokoon - leech laying cocoon

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Leeches have been used for medical purposes since over 2000 years ago. One example is using leeches to suck out the blood in the body to achieve the healing purpose. Today there is a real clinical application in this method; they are of great value to plastic surgeons when venous congestion of skin and muscle flaps is a problem. The leech can suck the blood at the joint where blood is clogged and make it flow again. Leeches today are used in plastic and reconstructive surgery worldwide. There is also successful ongoing research into relieving symptoms of osteoarthritis by using leech.

One bigger progress in using leeches in medical field is that they have been approved in America for use in therapy purposes. Live leech are being distributed to various location in the country and also worldwide for use. After sucking the blood, leeches are treated in the same way as other blood treatment procedure that they only can be used on the same patient. This is mainly to prevent the spreading of disease that carried by blood.

Other usage of leeches also includes treatment of black eyes. Hirudin, the anti-coagulant from leech can be used in the treatment of inflammation of the middle ear. It is also being developed for experimental use as a systemic anticoagulant, and may prove useful in invitro blood sampling. By extracting the anti-clotting serum from the leech researchers are isolating new pharmaceutical compounds for eventual treatment of heart diseases.

From the history, leech was indispensable in 19th Century medicine for bloodletting, a practice believed to be a cure for anything from headaches to gout. The medicinal leech is getting more popular in modern medicine thanks to the work of Dr. Roy Sawyer, an American scientist who established the world’s first leech farm.

Thousands of patients owe the successful reattachment of body parts to technological advances in plastic and reconstructive surgery; at least some of these operations might have failed if leeches had not been reintroduced into the operating room.

The reason for using leeches in surgical procedures is actually very straightforward. The key to success is from what contain in the leech bite, which punctures a wound that bleeds literally for hours. The leech’s saliva contains substances that anaesthetize the wound area, dilate the blood vessels to increase blood flow, at the same time prevent the blood from clotting. Usually the surgeon can get blood to flow in the reattached arteries but not veins. With the venous circulation severely compromised, the blood going to the reattached finger becomes congested; the reattached portion turns blue and lifeless and is at serious risk of being lost. At this time leeches start to play their major role in letting go of the clotting blood.

Leech farming is an industry that is getting more popular as more leech usage has been established. One reason is also due to the number of leeches getting lesser in the wild, after the heavy usage of insecticide and pesticide. More researches are on going in discovering the uses of leech that can help us to cure the blood related problem such as heart diseases and also high cholesterol in our body. The role of leech will change from a blood sucking creature that is feared by many people to a great helper in our health.

The benefits of treatment are not only the amount of blood that the leech removes but the anti-blood clotting enzymes in their saliva that allow blood flow from the area where they have been
What is the biggest barrier to leech therapy? It has been the reaction that people have when they are told about the possible use of leeches in their care. Many people are afraid of these creatures crawling on their body

Leeches can relieve blood pooling around a muscle or skin flap better than drugs or other treatments. They are used to keep blood flow in muscle, skin and fat tissue that has been surgically moved from one part of your body to another. These tissues are also called flaps
Why is leech therapy used instead of other medical treatment?

In some cases, leeches do a better job by removing pooled blood than any other medical therapy.

With adequate execution of the leech therapy and attention of all contraindications heavy side effects arise very rarely. Local reactions is possible in the proximity of the point of bite, also cycle weakness occurs relatively more frequently. During a cramp vein treatment with that the leech directly on the Vene is set, gives it naturally a longer postoperative hemorrhage phase. A longer postoperative hemorrhage can put on however at any time by an appropriate druckverbandes to be stopped.

1. Wash hands.
2. Select appropriate personal protective equipment (gloves).
3. Cleanse area with normal saline soaked sterile gauze.
4. Apply leeches with gloved hand on tweezers.
5. Allow leech to attach large posterior end first and direct smaller head end to the desired site. ( Leeches can be loaded into an empty syringe without a plunger “rear end first” and the open end of syringe is placed over the desired site to ensure proper placement. )
6. Apply the other leeches if neseseary.
7. Monitor leeches until they fill with blood (10-20 minutes). Usually the leech falls off itself (if not use salt. Leeches do not like salt and will drop off)

Assistance if the leech once not to bite wants

With certain site conditions leech bite more badly:

* with cold skin
* with smokers
* with perfume-pure
* with older humans

Remedy is possible through warms up and cleans the skin. Further measures those are helpful the skin soften and the blood circulation promote. If the leech does not want to bite at all, there is the possibility the skin with a needle to puncture still.

Is by its blood-diluting and container-extending effect the leech the ideal Therapeut for blood circulation disturbances. With multiplicity of diseases there is a connection with an unsatisfactory blood circulation. Clearly on the hand all diseases lie with our container system are connected like Thrombose, cramp veins, Haemorrhoiden, cardiac infarct, impact accumulations, calcifying the containers, Tinnitus.

At the same time it could be stated that the leech therapy can cause an improvement also with pain. Positive effects could be determined with rheumatism, Arthrose, volume disk problems, pulling, bruises, muscular pains or muscle injuries.